Performance Comparison of Harmonic Filters in an Industrial Power System for Harmonic Distortion Reduction

Published by 1. Estifanos Dagnew Mitiku¹, 2. Gebrie Teshome Aduye², 3. S. Abdul Rahman³, 4. Mahilet Mentesinot Abuhay⁴, Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Ethiopia (1, 2, 3), Industrial Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Ethiopia (4) ORCID. 1. 0000-0002-6613-3979, 2. 0000-0003-1184-9184, 3. 0000-0003-0134-8028, 4. 0000-0001-7554-8562

Keywords: Harmonic Filters, Harmonic Distortion, Total Harmonic Distortion, MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Słowa kluczowe: fitr, harmoniczne, THD

Introduction

Power Quality (PQ) is an issue to both utilities and electricity consumers at all levels of usage. One of the PQ problems is harmonics which is a sinusoidal component of a periodic wave or quantity having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency, i.e., 50Hz or 60Hz [1]. Harmonic voltages occur as a result of current harmonics, which are created and drawn by non linear electronic loads, injected to the supply system [2].

Harmonic distortion measurement at the industry

To assess the level of harmonic distortion in the industry power system, monitoring has to be performed at the service entrance points of the industry at the Points of Common Coupling (PCC), the tapping point on the 15kV feeders. However, as the distance and line impedance, from PCC to the primary of the transformer is negligible, the primaries are taken as PCC as shown in figure 1 [2].

The harmonic distortion in the industry is measured while all the machines are working at the same time, to observe the cumulative characteristics of the industrial loads and data collection is accomplished through direct measurement. Having made suitable analysis, the collected data are computed and compared with acceptable values set by standards of IEEE recommended practice for harmonic control [28].

Table 1: Current distortion limits for general distribution systems (120V to 69 000V) [2].Fig. 1: Monitoring location and point of common coupling. The harmonic distortion in the industry is measured while all the machines are working at the same time, to observe the cumulative characteristics of the industrial loads and data collection is accomplished through direct measurement. Having made suitable analysis, the collected data are computed and compared with acceptable values set by standards of IEEE recommended practice for harmonic control [28].

Short circuit current and rated current of 15kV feeder at the PCC are averaged to be 10kA and 1000A respectively, which gives I_SC/I_L ratio in the range of <20. Then, the TDD values of the current harmonics should not exceed 5% at the PCC. The requirement of the utility to provide good quality of voltage is listed in table 2.

 The maximum voltage and current harmonic contents of the industry when it works at full load are shown in table 3.

It is observed from the recorded data that the dominant harmonic currents are the 5^th and 7^th harmonics and the total current THD value for the three phases is 18.10%, 18.33% and 18.44%, respectively at the PCC which is beyond the IEEE standards, i.e., 5%. Since the current THD values are beyond the standard values, single tuned, double tuned, high pass and c-type harmonic filters with their designed parameters are applied to reduce the harmonic distortion and their performance is compared based on the current THD percentage values when each of the harmonic filters are applied.

Principle of operation

The circuit used for the reduction of harmonic distortion is shown in figure 2. It consists of switches, single tuned, double tuned, high pass and c-type harmonic filters and the load. Due to the non-linear loads of the industrial power system, as harmonic currents are injected to the system the voltage and current waveforms are distorted. Harmonic filters with their designed values and respective switches are applied independently to compare the performance of the harmonic filters and they are switched ON and switched OFF to reduce the harmonic distortion. At first, the single tuned filter switch is ON while the other switches are OFF. Then, the high pass filter switch is ON while the other switches are OFF. Next, the double tuned filter switch is ON while the other switches are OFF. Finally, the C-type filter switch is ON while the other switches are OFF. For simplicity, only one phase is considered out of the three phases as power is taken from the same phase to mitigate the harmonic distortion to show the control circuit.

Simulation Results

The harmonic distortions have been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The harmonic filters such as single tuned, double tuned, high pass and c-type filters are simulated with the designed values in order to compare their performance in the reduction of harmonic distortion occurred in the industrial power system due to non linear loads. The voltage and current waveforms both from the source side and the load side before and after applying the harmonic filters are presented below for comparison. The industry has non-linear loads which are supplied by the utility from the nearby substation and non-linear loads draw harmonic currents of a distorted waveform. The simulation is performed with the designed values of the harmonic filters with a nominal line to line voltage of 400V, operating frequency of 50Hz, nominal reactive power of 50KVAR, quality factor of 7 and the tuning frequency is set for the 5^th and 7^th harmonics.

The voltage and current waveforms before applying the harmonic filters is shown in figure 3.

The industry has non-linear loads which are supplied by the utility and these loads draw a distorted harmonic voltage and current waveform as shown in figure 3 and from the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis as shown in figure 4 the THD value is 18.33%, which is above the IEEE standard acceptable limit, i.e. 5% for this study. Therefore, to reduce the harmonic distortion, single tuned, double tuned, high pass and c-type harmonic filters are designed and placed at the appropriate location at the industrial power system; consequently, the harmonic distortion is reduced and their performance is compared.

Single Tuned Harmonic Filter

High Pass Harmonic Filter

Double Tuned Harmonic Filter

C-Type Harmonic Filter

Conclusion

In this paper, performance comparison of harmonic filters in an industrial power system for harmonic distortion reduction is studied. The harmonic distortion drawn by the industry non-linear loads provides a THD value of 18.33%. And when single tuned harmonic filter is applied the THD is reduced to 5.08%. Whereas, the application of high pass harmonic filter gives a THD of 5.09%. A double tuned harmonic filter provides 4.00% THD value. Finally, using c-type harmonic filters 4.68% THD value is obtained. As a result, from the simulation results and FFT analysis, it is observed that the double tuned harmonic filter gives a better performance than the single tuned, high pass and c-type harmonic filters in reducing the harmonic distortions to the acceptable magnitude set by IEEE standards, i.e. less than 5% for this study and it is recommended for the industry to use the double tuned harmonic filter at the secondary of the transformer to get rid of additional heating, false tripping and equipment malfunction due to harmonics which causes production loss to the industry.

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Authors: Lecturer, Mr. Estifanos Dagnew Mitiku, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, Email: est7eced@gmail.com; Lecturer, Mr. Gebrie Teshome Aduye, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, Email: gebrie.415@gmail.com; Associate Professor, Dr. Abdul Rahman, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, Email: msajce.abdulrahman@gmail.com; Lecturer, Mrs. Mahilet Mentesinot Abuhay, Department of Industrial Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, Email: mahiletme@gmail.com.

Source & Publisher Item Identifier: PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 98 NR 3/2022. doi:10.15199/48.2022.03.12